Disfunción ventricular izquierda en pacientes con infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana

Alexander Valdés Martín, Angélica M. Reyes Pérez

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Resumen

La infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana es una de las principales causas de cardiopatía adquirida, especialmente de disfunción ventricular izquierda sintomática. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para profundizar en los diversos elementos clínicos, fisiopatológicos y diagnósticos que caracterizan a estos pacientes. La patogénesis de la disfunción del ventrículo izquierdo se relaciona con diversos agentes causales como: la infección miocárdica por el propio virus, las infecciones oportunistas o por otros virus, mecanismos autoinmunes, deficiencias nutricionales, sobreexpresión de citocinas y toxicidad inducida por fármacos. La disfunción sistólica sintomática es una manifestación tardía de afectación cardíaca mientras que una proporción importante de pacientes presentan alteraciones clínicamente silentes. La disfunción diastólica cursa con una alteración precoz de la relajación miocárdica y de la dinámica de llenado del ventrículo izquierdo. La ecocardiografía es útil para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento antirretroviral actual incrementa la supervivencia de pacientes con infección por el virus de inmunodeficiencia humana, lo cual presumiblemente producirá un aumento en la prevalencia de complicaciones cardíacas. Se requiere de nuevos estudios prospectivos observacionales que determinen la susceptibilidad de desarrollar enfermedad cardíaca sintomática en los pacientes infectados por este virus.

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